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Louisville  furnishes  about  one  fourth 
of  the  natural  cement 
used  in  the  United  States. 


A LOUISVILLE  CEMENT  MILL. 


2 


LOUISVILLE  CEMENT 

OUISVILLE  CEMENT  is  made  from  Argillo- 
Magnesian  Limestone,  found  only  within  a radius 
of  a few  miles  from  the  city  from  which  its  name 
is  derived,  without  the  admixture  of  other  sub- 
stances, and  is  therefore  a natural  cement. 

The  superior  reputation  given  to  Louisville 
Cement  by  engineers  and  architects  who  have 
made  practical  tests  of  it,  is  due  to  its  uniformity, 
constancy  of  volume,  hydraulic  activity,  and 
hydraulic  energy,  and  the  large  and  increasing  demand 
for  it  during  the  past  thirty  years,  where  strength  and 
durability  are  desired,  is  a sufficient  guarantee  of  its  merit. 


Annual  Scales  of  Louis-Ville  Cement  for  "Past 
l 'Shirty  years. 


Year. 

Barrels. 

Year. 

1870  . . 

. 320,150 

1881  . 

1871  . . 

. 377,961 

1882  . 

1872  . . 

. 375,970 

1883  . 

1873  . . 

. 425,867 

1884  . 

1874  . 

. 364,043 

1885  . 

1875  . . 

. 330,029 

1886  . 

1876  . . 

. 286,215 

1887  . 

1877  . . 

. 287,042 

1888  . 

1878  . . 

. 313,370 

1889  . 

1879  . . 

. 350,625 

1890  . 

1880  . . 

. 382,118 

Barrels. 

Year. 

Barrels. 

554,214 

1891  . 

. . 1,393,009 

628,698 

1892  . 

. . 1,714,668 

864,055 

1893  . 

. . 1,650,351 

828,794 

1894  . 

. . 1,653,976 

773,112 

1895  . 

. 1,675,191 

1896  . 

. . 1,525,202 

1,189,110 

1897  . 

. . 1,469,379 

1,180,877 

1898  . 

. . 1,473,395 

1,338,464 

1899  . 

. . 1,766,589 

1,533,519 

1900  . 

. . 2,543,000 

More  Louisville  Cement  has  been  consumed  west  of  the  Allegheny 
Mountains  than  all  other  cements  combined. 


3 


All  kinds  of  street  pavements 

are  successfully  laid  on 

Louisville  Cement  concrete  foundation. 


EAST  OHIO  STREET,  INDIANAPOLIS,  IND. 
Louisville  Cement  concrete  base,  for  wooden  block  pavement. 


4 


ECONOMY  IN  Tl  IE  USE  OE  CEMENT 


.jt 

The  most  important  qualities  of  all  building  materials  are  cheap- 
ness, strength,  and  durability.  As  cement  is  so  generally  employed 
in  almost  all  kinds  of  construction,  it  may  be  interesting  to  note  the 
economy  and  adaptability  in  the  use  of  Louisville  Cement  in  the 
construction  of  foundations  of  all  kinds,  and  in  all  structures  where 
either  large  or  small  masses  of  concrete  are  used. 

It  is  a well-known  fact,  which  has  been  established  by  many 
investigators,  that  the  strength  of  Louisville  Cement  mortar  in- 
creases for  an  indefinite  length  of  time.  This  fact  can  also  be 
demonstrated  by  an  examination  of  many  structures  which  were 
built  entirely  with  Louisville  Cement  from  thirty  to  seventy  years 
ago,  in  which  the  mortar  is  now  harder  than  the  natural  rock. 

Mortars  made  from  artificial  cements  attain  their  ultimate 
strength  in  from  one  to  three  years,  and  beyond  that  time  the 
increase  in  strength,  if  any,  is  very  small.  A Louisville  Cement 
mortar,  mixed  in  the  proportion  of  one  part  of  cement  to  one  part 
of  sand,  is,  after  six  months,  of  equal  strength  with  an  artificial 
cement  mortar  mixed  in  the  proportion  of  one  part  of  cement  to 
three  parts  of  sand. 

Mortars  of  Equal  Strength. 

Louijxjille.  One  to  One 


3.75  barrels,  at  70  cents, $2  61 

.58  cubic  yards  sand,  at  ft. 00, 58 

$3  10 

'Portland.  One  to  Xjhree 

3 barrels,  at  $1.70, $3  40 

.9  cubic  yards  sand,  at  $1.00, 90 

$4  30 

Cojt  Per  Cubic  $?ard 

Portland,  one  to  three $4  30 

Louisville,  one  to  one, 3 19 

Difference  in  favor  of  Louisville, $111 


These  mortars  are  of  equal  strength,  and,  therefore,  of  equal 
value  in  construction  work  of  any  kind.  If  Louisville  Cement  is 


Louisville  Cement 


mixed  in  the  usual  proportion  of  one  cement  to  two  of  sand,  the 
difference  will  be  still  greater  in  favor  of  Louisville. 

It  is  now  being  claimed  that  it  is  as  economical  to  use  artificial 
cement  as  Louisville  in  the  construction  of  concrete  foundations, 
but  the  fallacy  of  this  claim  can  be  easily  ascertained  by  any  one 
who  will  take  the  trouble  to  investigate  it.  As  above  shown,  even 
with  mortars  of  equal  strength  there  is  a great  economy  in  the  use 
of  Louisville  over  artificial  cement,  and  in  large  structures  the  differ- 
ence in  cost  will  amount  to  many  thousands  of  dollars. 

The  diagrams  herewith  are  taken  from  Prof.  Ira  O.  Baker's 
"Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction,  ” * and  show  the  relative 


FROM  BAKERS  MASONRY  CONSTRUCTION 


♦ A Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction,  by  Ira  O.  Baker,  Professor  of  Civil  Engireerirg,  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois,  published  by  John  Wiley  & Sons.  43-45  East  Nineteenth  Street,  New  York  City. 

6 


Louisville  Cement 


strengths  of  artificial  and  natural  cement  mortars  with  various  vol- 
umes of  sand,  up  to  one  year  of  age. 

These  diagrams  show  that  natural  cement  mortar,  mixed  one 
cement  to  one  sand,  is  equal  in  strength,  at  the  age  of  six  months, 
to  artificial  cement  mortar,  one  cement  to  three  sand. 

They  also  show  that  the  greater  the  proportion  of  sand,  the  nearer 
the  strength  of  natural  cement  approaches  that  of  artificial,  and  if 
the  comparison  could  be  carried  to  a greater  age,  say  five  years,  it 
would  show  that  the  natural  cement  gained  strength  much  more 
rapidly  after  one  year  than  the  artificial. 

Prof.  Baker  says  on  page  98  of  his  new  edition  of  “Masonry 
Construction  “ If  a strength  of  about  370  pounds  per  square  inch 
after  six  months  is  sufficient,  natural  cement  is  the  cheaper.  Nearly 
all  carefully  conducted  tests  of  the  strength  of  cement  mortar,  six 
months  old  or  over,  give  a similar  result,  except  that  the  above 
limit  is  usually  between  300  and  350  pounds.  A considerable  change 
in  prices  does  not  materially  alter  the  result,  and  hence  the  conclu- 
sion may  be  drawn  that  if  a strength  of  300  to  350  pounds  per  square 
inch  at  six  months  is  sufficient,  natural  cement  is  more  econom- 
ical than  Portland.” 

On  this  subject  Mr.  Uriah  Cummings,  an  acknowledged  authority 
on  cements,  says  in  his  work  on  American  Cements:  “If  the 
cement-using  public  could  be  brought  to  realize  that  one  year  is  but 
the  beginning  of  the  test,  that  the  real  trial  is  but  fairly  started,  and  is 
on  so  long  as  the  work  endures  in  which  the  cement  is  used,  if  it  were 
understood  that  after  five  years  not  one  engineer  in  a hundred  can 
tell  either  by  simply  looking  at  a wall  laid  in  cement,  or  by  the 
use  of  the  hammer,  whether  the  cement  used  was  Rock  (natural! 
or  Portland  Cement,  and  if  it  were  known  that  it  is  a fact  that  when 
we  have  occasion  to  blast  out  old  concrete  laid  in  Rock  (natural) 
Cement  twenty-five  years  before,  we  find  it  as  hard  as  any  rock, 
and  if  it  were  possible  for  the  public  to  become  as  familiar  with 
three  to  live  years’  tests  as  they  are  with  the  prevailing  tests,  then 
there  would  be  a remarkable  overturning  of  pre-conceived  notions 


Louisville  Cement 


in  regard  to  cement  values,  and  thinking  men  would  undertake  a 
readjustment  of  their  opinions.” 

After  all  has  been  said  that  may  be  said  on  this  subject,  the  fact 
remains  that  the  last  appeal  lies  to  the  actual  performance  of  the 
material  in  work,  and,  as  an  evidence  of  the  adaptability,  reliability, 
and  enduring  qualities  of  Louisville  Cement,  we  append  hereto  a list 
of  a few  of  the  notable  engineering  and  architectural  structures  in 
which  this  cement  has  been  used  as  the  binding  material. 


X/nited  States  Government  Work, 


L.o  ck-f 

Cumberland  River. 

On  Muskingum  River. 

Warrior  River,  Alabama. 
Kanawha  River. 

Illinois  River. 


and  'Dams 

Green  River,  Kentucky. 

Mussel  Shoals,  Tennessee  River 
Kentucky  River. 

Big  Sandy  River. 

Ohio  River  below  Pittsburgh. 
Allegheny  River. 

Sault  Ste.  Marie. 


Monongahela  River  above  Pitts- 
burgh. 

Canal  around  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio  at  Louisville,  Ky. 


Custom  Houses 

Cincinnati,  Ohio.  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

Louisville,  Kentucky.  Memphis,  Tennessee. 

Chattanooga,  Tennessee. 

Fortifications.  Etc. 

Gun  Embrasures,  Fort  Saint  Philip,  Louisiana. 

Gun  Embrasures,  Fort  Jackson,  Louisiana. 

United  States  Penitentiary,  Leavenworth,  Kansas. 

United  States  Buildings,  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas. 

United  States  Government  Buildings,  Fort  Riley,  Kansas. 


s 


Louisville  Cement 


'Bridges 

Monongahela  Connecting  R.  R.  Bridge  over  the  Ohio  at  Pittsburgh. 

B.  & O.  R.  R.  Bridge  over  the  Monongahela  above  Pittsburgh. 

P.  C.  C.  & St.  L.  R’y  Bridge  at  Steubenville,  Ohio. 

Norfolk  & Western  R’y  Bridge  at  Kenova,  West  Virginia. 

Louisville  & Nashville  R.  R.  Bridge  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
Chesapeake  & Ohio  R’y  Bridge  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Suspension  Bridge  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Cincinnati  & Newport  Bridge  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Pennsylvania  R.  R.  Bridge  at  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Louisville  & Jeffersonville  Bridge  at  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Kentucky  & Indiana  Bridge  at  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Louisville  & Nashville  R.  R.  Bridge  at  Henderson,  Kentucky. 
Illinois  Central  R.  R.  Bridge  at  Cairo,  Illinois. 

Kansas  City  & Memphis  Iv.  R.  Bridge  at  Memphis,  Tennessee. 
Tennessee  River  Bridge  at  Chattanooga,  Tennessee. 

Eads  Bridge  at  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

Merchants  Bridge  at  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

C.  B.  & O.  R.  R.  Bridge  at  Alton,  Illinois. 

C.  B.  & O.  R.  Iv.  Bridge  at  Bellefontaine,  Missouri. 

C.  B.  & Q.  R.  R.  Bridge  at  Leavenworth,  Kansas. 

Illinois  Central  R.  R.  Bridge  across  Yazoo  River,  Mississippi. 

Northern  Pacific  R.  R.  Bridge  at  Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 

Nashville,  Chattanooga  & St.  Louis  R'y  Bridge  at  Bridgeport,  Ten- 
nessee. 

Railroad  Bridge  over  Missouri  River  at  Sioux  City,  Iowa. 

Railroad  Bridge  over  the  Mississippi  River  at  Dubuque,  Iowa. 
Railroad  Bridge  over  the  Mississippi  River  at  Davenport,  Iowa. 
Railroad  Bridge  over  the  Mississippi  River  at  Clinton,  Iowa. 
Railroad  Bridge  over  the  Mississippi  River  at  Fort  Madison,  Iowa. 
Railroad  Bridge  over  the  Mississippi  River  at  Burlington,  Iowa. 
Railroad  Bridge  over  the  Mississippi  River  at  Keokuk,  Iowa. 


9 


Louisville  Cement 


Water  Worlds,  Dams,  Etc. 

Chattahoochee  River  Dam  at  Columbus,  Georgia. 

Water  Works  Dam,  Hot  Springs,  Arkansas. 

Dam  at  Little  Rock,  Arkansas. 

Water  Works  Reservoir,  Covington,  Kentucky. 

Water  Works  Reservoir,  Nashville,  Tennessee. 

Water  Works,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 

St.  Anthony  Falls  Improvements,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 
Water  Works,  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

Dam  at  Little  Falls,  Minnesota. 

Clear  Water  Reservoir  Louisville,  Kentucky,  Water  Works. 
Dams  in  Tallapoosa  River,  Alabama. 

"Public  "Buildings 

State  House,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 

State  House,  Springfield,  Illinois. 

State  House,  Lansing,  Michigan. 

State  House,  Atlanta,  Georgia. 

State  House,  Austin,  Texas. 

State  House,  Columbia,  South  Carolina. 

& unnels , Etc . 

Tunnel  under  Chicago  River,  Chicago,  Illinois. 

Cleveland,  Ohio,  Water  Works  Tunnel. 

Sanitary  Drainage  Canal,  Chicago,  Illinois. 

Sea  Wall  Foundation,  Lincoln  Park,  Chicago,  Illinois. 

Lake  Shore  Drive  Sea  Wall,  Chicago,  Illinois. 

Palmer  House  Gas  Receiver,  Chicago,  Illinois. 

Dock  at  San  Diego,  California. 

Tunnels  on  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad. 

Tunnels  on  the  Southern  Railway,  St.  Louis  Division. 
Tunnels  on  the  Louisville  & Nashville  Railroad. 


IO 


Louisville  Cement 


'flu  eight  and  Chemical  Analysis 

Weight 

The  average  weight  of  Louisville  Cement  is  as  follows  : 


1 cubic  foot,  loose, 554  lbs. 

1 cubic  foot,  packed, 74  lbs. 


Therefore  a barrel  of  265  lbs.  contains  4.77  cubic  feet  of  loose 
cement  and  3.58  cubic  feet  of  packed  cement. 

Louisville  Cement  is  shipped  in  three  kinds  of  packages  : barrels, 
weighing  285  lbs.  gross;  paper  bags,  82  lbs.  each  ; and  jute  sacks, 
weighing  133  lbs.  each. 

Cement  used  in  concrete  is  mixed  by  volume  and  not  by  weight. 


Chemical  Analysis 

The  following  is  a characteristic  analysis  of  Louisville  Cement  : 


Silica 2(1.40  per  cent. 

Alumina (5.28  “ 

Iron  Oxide 1.00 

Lime, ....  45.22  “ 

Magnesia 9.00  “ 

l’otash  and  Soda 4.24 

Sulphate  Lime 0.00  “ 

Carbonic  Acid,  water  and  loss 7.8(1  “ 


101). 00 


Louisville  Cement  has  been  used  continuously 
for  street  foundations  and  similar  work 
in  St.  Louis  for  the  past  thirty-one  years. 


Continued  use 
is  the  best  test  of  reliability. 


{/  f/i/rMrtt/Yya'r  S/  //  U/  J 

fjfafe  fl/'  f/r'tf  ffnottlrz*  s 


June 


7th. ,1901. 


r/>irffri'jmnr 


File  1587. 


Western  cement  Co., 

Louisville,  Ky. 

Oentlenen:- 

Repiying  to  yours  of  June  6th. 

I have  been  using  your  cement  for  the  past  21  years  for  the  con- 
struction of  brick  and  stone  masonry  and  concrete  in  foundations . We  only 
buy  that  which  is  tested  by  our  inspectors  at  the  mills.  The  results  of 
its  use  have  been  satisfactory  uniformly. 

very  Truly  Yours, 

Z -i  ^ 4 r '* 


Chief  Engineer. 


’PO  BOX  846 
PHONE  7237 


II  PC  Ij  INI  N^Jrlj 


July ,20/01. 


Western  Cement  Co., 

Louisville,  Ky. 

Gentlemen:- 

la 

We  have  been  using  Louisville  cement  ever  since  we 
started  in  business  and  the  fact  ‘that  we  will  still  continue  to  do  so  best 
bespeaks  our  appreciation  of  its  merits. 

Yours  truly, 

THE  HALL'S  SAFE  CO. 


Louisville  Cement  is  largely  used 
by  the  United  States  Government 
in  works  on  Western  rivers. 


LOCKS  Nos.  7 AND  8,  CUMBERLAND  RIVER,  TENN. 


Masonry  laid  wit'i  Louisville  Cement. 


W.  H.  WILLIAMS  & CO.. 


DEALERS  IN 


Sewer  Pipe,  Cement,  Lime,  Plaster,  Brick,  Clay,  Tile, 

ANTHRACITE  COAL  and  BUILDERS’  SUPPLIES. 

Agents  for  Saylor’s  Portland  Cement. 


oust  306.  308,  3'0  DuOutSN 


Telephone  1582 

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Over  37,000  barrels  Louisville  Cement 
used  in  this  work. 


CLEAR  WATER  RESERVOIR,  LOUISVILLE  WATER  COMPANY, 
Crescent  Hill,  Ky. 

Louisville  Cement  concrete  used  exclusively  in  all  walls. 


Western  Cement  company, 

Louisville,  Ky. 

Gent  lemen:- 

In  the  construction  of  the  clear  water  Reservoir  of  the 
Louisville  Water  Company's  Purification  Works  at  Crescent  Hill,  Kentucky, 
concrete  was  used  for  building  the  retaining  and  division  walls,  the 
columns  and  the  groined  arches.  For  the  former  two,  natural  cement  concrete 
was  used;  for  the  latter  two,  Portland  cement  concrete.  For  the  natural 
cement  concrete,  Louisville  Cement  was  used;  and  for  the  Portland  cement 
concrete,  Atlas  cement. 

The  total  volume  of  concrete  aggregates  about  27,000  cubic  yards, 
two-tnirds  of  which  is  natural  cement  concrete,  and  the  remaining  third 
Portland  cement  concrete,  the  latter,  in  place,  costing  per  cubic  yard 
more  than  double  the  price  of  the  former. 

The  experience  nad  in  the  building  of  these  concrete  walls  justifies 
tho  statement  that,  were  a similar  work  to  be  executed,  it  would  justify 
the  exclusive  use  of  natural  cement  concrete  lor  such  similar  work,  with 
absolutely  satisfactory  results,  and  with  precisely  such  Louisville  cement 
as  was  used  in  the  constructed  work,  with  a single  important  modification, 

i Continued  on  page  19.  i 


The  best  cement 
for  sub-aqueous  work. 


CLKAR  WATER  RESERVOIR,  LOUISVILLE  WATER  COMPANY. 
Crescent  Hill,  Ky. 

Louisville  Cement  concrete  used  exclusively  in  walls. 


iS 


winch  modification  would  oe  to  properly  hydrate  the  Louisville  cement, 
after  manufacture  and  before  using  it  m the  concrete,  for  the  purpose 
of  retarding  Its  rate  of  setting,  which  rate  ia  too  rapid  for  satisfactory 
construction  with  newly  manufactured  or  non-hydrated  cement  of  this 

class. 

This  statement  is  not  made  t'or  the  purpose  of  decrying  the  superior 
quality  of  Portland  cements,  but  to  emphasize  the  not  generally  recognized 
fact  that  for  many  classes  of  public  worKs  the  Louisville  natural  cement 
is  as  good  and  reliable  as  Portland  cement,  and  at  a greatly  reduced  cost, 
in  the  construction  of  concrete  masonry. 

Verv  Respectfully, 


Chief  Engineer  & Sup’t. 


LtOPOLO  MARKQREIT 


■ OOUSCAREN. 


BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES. 

’COMMISSIONERS  OF  WATER  WORKS." 

OFFlOE  O*  OHlEF  ENGINEER 


CITY  HALL, 
OINCINNATI,  OHIO. 


Telephone  I62B. 


Cincinnati,  Ohio.  June  11.  1901. 


Western  cement  Co., 

Louisville,  Ky. 

Gent  1 amen 

In  reply  to  your  letter  of  June  6th,  I would  state  that 
the  Louisville  cement  used  so  far  in  the  construction  of  the  water 
forks  Improvement  for  Cincinnati,  amounting  to  about  6,ouo  barrels,  has 
.given  entire  satisfaction. 


fours  t.ruly 


<7 


More  Louisville  than  any  other  cement 
used  in  track  elevation 
and  depression  in  Chicago. 


TRACK  ELEVATION,  C.  R.  I.  & P.  AND  PAN  HANDLE  RAILWAYS,  CHICAGO. 
Walls  and  foundations,  Louisville  Cement. 


20 


BROWNELL  IMPROVEMENT  CO. 


V RUSHED  STONE. 
TORPEDO  SAND. 
PORTLAND  ORMKN'l 

Kt  BRI.R  STONI 


(lONTHAITOHN  Fl>K  I * « 


CRUSHED  STONE 

-20  CHAMBER  OK  COM MKROK  13uILiD(N( 


THORNTON.  IL.I,. 
MOMENOK.  ILL. 


CHIOAIIO, 


July  18"  1901. 


Western  Cement  Co., 

L.ouisville,  ily.  , 

Gentlemen:-  Regarding  your  inquiry  as  to  our  experience  and.  opinion 
ol  Louisville  Cement,  vie  have  to  say,  that  during  the  last  five  or  six 
years  we  have  used  some  40000  barrels  of  your  cement  in  Track  Elevation 
work  in  Chicago,  for  the  L.S.ft.M.S.;  C.F.l.&.p.  c.&.a;  A.T.6.S.F.  and 
Illinois  Central  Pys.,  and  this  large  amount  was  all  subjected  to  close 
inspection  and  tests  by  the  Py. , Engineers  before  using.  Our  opinion 
is  fully  expressed  in  the  fact  of  our  extensive  and  long  use  of  your 
cement,  with  its  uniform  and  excellent  results. 

/our  promptness  in  filling  our  heavy  orders  has  enabled  us  to 
execute  important  work  with  dispa.ch,  and  thi*  ability  on  your  part 
has  been  most  gratifying. 

Vours  truly. 


Unequalled  facilities  for  executing  the  largest 
orders  promptly. 


21 


Increasing  age 
adds  strength. 


FARWELL  BUILDING,  CHICAGO. 

Northeast  corner  Market  and  Monroe  streets.  Erected  in  1872. 


22 


Chicago,  June  I9th,l90l 


Western  Cement  Co., 

Louisville,  Ky. 

Gentlemen 

In  reply  to  your  Inquiry  regarding  tne  two  buildings 
erected  by  me,  I have  to  say  that,  the  one  on  the  N.E. corner  of 
Market  and  Monroe  Streets  built  in  1872  is  400  by  110  feet  seven 
stories,  the  foundation  of  which  Is  made  of  Louisville  cement 
Concrete  extending  from  five  feet  below  basement  to  street  level 
and  is  five  feet  thick  at  the  base  and  hour  feet  on  top. 

The  superstructure  is  concrete  backed  with  brick  making  a thick 
heavy  wall.  The  condition  of  the  foundation  at  this  writing  is  per- 
fect . 

The  seoond  building  situated  on  the  S.w. corner  of  Monroe 
and  Market  Streets  erected  in  1882  it.  400  by  275  feet  six  sto-cies 
high  and  two  basements  containing  seven  partition  walls. 

These  partition  walls  extending  from  four  feet  below  the  sub 
basement  to  top  of  building  are  about  two  and  a half  feet  thick. 

The  foundation  walls  extending  four  feet  below  aub-basement  to 
street  level  (about  14  feet  high)  are  five  feet  thick  at  the  base 
and  four  feet  on  top. 

These  partition  walls  and  foundation  under  the  entire  build- 
ing are  made  of  Louisville  Cement,  sand  and  gravel  and  after  all 
these  years  the  building  shows  no  settling  and  the  Louisville 
Cement  Concrete  to  be  hard  and  flinty. 

' In  section  8 of  this  building  a fire  completely  destroyed  the 
interior  yet  the  partition  walls  shows  no  cracks  and  no  water  or 
smoke  to  have  passed  through.  Other  walls  were  subfeoted' to 
smaller  firee,  ill  of  which  are  unharmed. 

At  this  early  date  when  concrete  was  but  very  little  used, 
it  was  considered  by  some  to  be  most  unwise  to  use  Louisville 
Cement  for  such  important  work,  requiring  it  to  sustain  such  a 
heavy  building  (about  110  tons  of  coping  having  been  removed  in 
1900)  but  the  present  perfect  condition  of  the  entire  structure 
proves  best  the  wisdom  of  the  plans  pursued. 

Tours  Truly. 


ir 


Louisville  Cement  concrete  stands  the  test 
of  fire  and  time. 


2.1 


Louisville  Cement  is  adapted  to 
all  classes  of  railroad  work. 


C.  B.  & Q.  R.  R.  TRACK  ELEVATION,  CHICAGO. 

Foundations  for  subway,  abutments,  and  retaining  wall  of  Louisville  Cement  concrete. 


24 


CHICAGO.  BURLINGTON  & QUINCY  RAILROAD  COMPANY 


Omc*  of  Coniuitino  Eno.nc 


Chicago,  June  14,  1901. 


Western  Cement  Co.. 

Loulsvl lie,  Ky . , 

Gentlemen ■ - 

In  answer  to  your  letter  of  the  10th,  1 will  say  that  a number 

of  years  ago  we  had  occasion  to  take  out  some  concrete  at  Kansas  City, 
which  wa6  put  in  21  years  before  and  which  was  made  of  Louisville  cement. 
The  concrete  was  exceptionally  good  for  natural  cement  concrete.  The 
concrete  broke  ae  readily  through  the  stone  as  through  tht  mortar. 

In  reply  to  your  other  question  I will  say  that  we  used  in 
foundations  for  track  elevation  work  In  Chicago  during'96  and  '99  about 
"7,000  barrels  of  Louisville  cement  with  good  results. 

Yours  truly. 


Consulting  Engineer. 


Louisville  Cement  mortar  becomes  as  hard  as  stone. 


Over  17  5,000  barrels  used  by 
asphalt  paving  companies 
in  one  season. 


NORTH  HIGHLAND  AVENUE,  PITTSBURG,  PA. 
Asphalt  pavement  on  Louisville  Cement,  concrete  foundation. 


26 


"Lehigh  Pob tlan o Ct  m c n t 


Western  Cement  Co.. 

Louisville.  Ky. 

Ger.t  1 omen ' - 

Replying  to  your  inquiry  as  to  my  experience  ana  result 
obtained  in  the  use  of  Louisville  Cement  in  this  market,  beg  to 
say,  I hapdle  about  50.000  barrels  per  year,  most  of  which  has  been 
used  in  heavy  masonry  and  street  work.,  and  without  a single  exception 
your  cement  has  given  satisfaction. 

Respectfully  yours. 


D.  J.  K 


Dictated. 


Over  1 50,000  barrels  of  Louisville  Cement  used  annually 
for  foundations  in  Pittsburg. 


2 


■MM 


The  largest  artificial  waterway 
in  United  States. 


CHICAGO  DRAINAGE  CANAL. 
Masonry  walls  laid  in  Louisville  Cement. 


WILLIAM  80 LDENWECK  President  JAMES  REDDICK  .Clerk 


FRED  M BLOUNT. Treasurei 


ISHAM  RANDOLPH. Chief  Engineer  FREDK  WC  HAYES. Aliomo^, 


. . ' C 


SECURITY  BUILDING 


IlflAlUt  OF  ntCXTKES  r 
WIL  LIAM  BOL OENWECK 
JOSEPH  C BRADEN 
ZINA  P CARTER 
BERNARD  A EC  A HART 
ALEXANDER  J JONES 
THOMAS  KELLY 
JAMES  P MAUETTE 
THOMAS  A SMYTH 
TRANK  W ENTER 


Chicago,  Jar..  4,1898. 

R.J. McClure,  Esq. 

Chief  Engineer  C.B.  & Q.  R.R. 

City. 

Dear  sir.- 

This  will  introduce  Mr.  a.  L.  Kanagay  representing  the  West- 
ern Cement  Company  of  Louisville,  Ky.  90fo  of  the  cement  used  in 
the  masonry  of  our  channel  has  been  furnished  by  this  Company. 

Up  to  the  first  of  January . 189b  tip  had  used  70,270  bbls.  of  native 
cement  and  have  used  quite  large  a/aounts  -since.  I iiavenot  the  exact 
figures  before  me  but  the  product  has  given  us  very  great  -satisfaction. 

Yours  very  truly. 


Chief  Engineer. 


The  examination  of  a wall  built  seventy  years  ago  with  Louisville 
Cement  probably  led  to  its  adoption  for  this  work. 


29 


The  most  extensive  public  work 
of  the  past  twenty  years. 


RETAINING  WALL,  CHICAGO  DRAINAGE  CANAL. 
Built  with  Louisville  Cement  concrete. 


•WILLIAM  BOLDENWECK. President 


JAMES  REDDICK. Clert 


FRED  M BLOUNT. Treasurer 


ISHAM  RANDOLPH. Chiet  Ergmear  FREOK  W.C. HAYES. Attorney 


SECURITY  BUILDING 


nu\jm  or  ntcsrt:KS. 

W/L  LIAM  BOL  OENWECK 
JOSEPH  C B BADEN 
ZINA  R CARTER 
BERNARD  A EC  KHAR ' 
ALEXANDER  J JON Ei 
THOMAS  KELLY 
JAMES  P MALLETTE 
THOMAS  A SMYTH 
FRANK  W ENTER 


Chicago,  Oct.  11,  1898. 


Mr,  T. A. Courtney, 

Sec.  western  Cement  Co,. 

Louisville,  Ky. 

Dear  Sir.- 

fhe  Sanitary  District  of  Chicago  in  constructing  the  retain- 
ing walls  which  Bound  its  channel,  which  channel  Is  commonly  called 
the  "Drainage  Canal",  has  used  something  liKe  200,000  bbls.  of 
Louisville  Cement.  as  one  of  the  officials  of  that  District  I 
take  pleasure  in  expressing  my  entire  satisfaction  of  the  material 
furnished.  This  material  was  tested  very  rigorously  and  studied 
•quite  closely  with  the  result  that  1 do  not  believe  a single  barrel  of 
cement  was  furnished  which  was  not  good.  We  have  been  particularly 
struck  wuh  the  reliability  of  the  cement. 

With  Portland  cement  we  find  that  a great  deal  depends  upon  the 
quality  of  material,  the  nicety  with  which  the  materials  for  manufac- 
ture are  selected,'  the  care  in  making  the  mixture  of  said  materials 
and  particularly  the  burning  of  the  materials.  a slight  variation 
from  correctness  in  these  items  leads  to  a doubtful  product.  On  the 
•contrary,  with  the  Louisville  cement  nature  seems  to  have  looked  out 

(Continued  on  page  33.  i 

Nature  is  our  chemist. 

31 


The  longest  railroad  bridge  in  the  world. 


3: 


ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD  BRIDGE  ACROSS  THE  OHIO  RIVER  AT  CAIRO,  ILL, 

Piers  built  -with.  Louisville  Cenjent, 


for  all  these  things  with  the  result  that  the  process  of  manufacture 
Is  simple  and  It  Is  difficult  for  the  Manufacturer  f except  from  gross 
carelessness  or  bad  Intent)  to  make  a poor  cement. 

During  the  past  ten  years  the  use  of  cement  has  Increased 
largely  and  we  believe  that  as  a knowledge  of  the  subject  increases 
builders  will  be  found  to  use  natural  Cement  in  a great  many  places 
where  now  they  use  Portland.  ftn  example  of  this  may  perhaps  be 
found  in  the  concrete  retaining  walls  built  by  the  Sanitary  District 
of  Chicago  In  which  natural  cement  wae  used  in  the  body  of  the  waiiB- 
the  surface  only  being  protected  by  Portland  cement. 

Vours  Respectfully, 


Asst.  Chief  Engineer 


Made  from  the  natural  rock. 


A LOUISVILLE  CEMENT  QUARRY. 


One  of  the  most  important  railroad  bridges 
in  the  United  States. 


BRIDGE  ACROSS  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER  AT  MEMPHIS,  TENN. 
Substructure  Louisville  Cement. 


34 


\WAHD  UATKl 


rBH  A.  ROOEI1S 


BATES  «V  ROGERS 

CIVIL  ENGINEERS  AND  CONTRACTORS 

Iboa  MANHATTAN  HU)b 


June  8th, 1901. 

CHICAGO,  - ' ijjo 


Western  Cement  Company, 

Louisville,  Ky. 


Centlemen:- 


Durlng  my  service  with  the  Chicago  Milwaukee 
'&  St.  Paul  Railway  as  Engineer  and  Superintendent  of  Bridge  & Buildings.  I 
had  occasion  to  use  large  quantities  oC  Louisville  Cement  in  concrete 
for  footings  of  abutments  In  track  elevation  work,  and  retaining  walls 
in  Chicago,  and  for  similar  work  on  the  lines  of  the  Railway.  I am  glad 
to  recommend  your  cement  for  work  in  which  it  is  proper  to  use  Natural 
Cements.  Yours  truly, 


The  best  and  the  cheapest,  results  considered. 


Partition  walls  Louisville  Cement  concrete, 
from  foundation  to  top  of  building. 


FARWELL  BLOCK,  CHICAGO. 

Southwest  corner  Market  and  Monroe  streets.  Erected  in  1882. 


36 


E.C.b. 


/- 


September  29,  1898 


Mr.A.L.Kanagy, 


care  western  cement  Co..  Chicago 


Dear  Sir:  - 


In  reply  to  your  question  concerning  the  con- 


crete foundations  of  the  power  house  of  the  South  Side 
Elevated  Railway  Company  at  40th  and  State  streets, 
Chicago,  which  foundations  were  made  of  i.ouisville 
cement,  we  beg  to  say  that  the  foundations  have  turned 
out  to  be  perfectly  satisfactory,  and  behaved  all 
the  time  as  we  expected  they  would. 

The  controversy  which  arose  at  one  time  concerning 
this  was  caused  by  no  fault  of  the  concrete  or  of 
the  cement. 

It  is  true  that  one  of  the  engines  was  wrecked 
and  twisted  off  the  foundation  bolts  without  doing 
any  injury  to  the  foundation. 


Yours  very  truly 


Louisville  Cement  unequalled  for  massive  foundations. 


The  Hallack  & Howard  Lumber  Company. 

Order  No  #’106.  Oenver,  Colo  n/14.1901 

To  Western  Cement  Co., 

Louleville ,Ky , 

Ship  to  McAllister  Limber  * Supply  Co., 

Boulder, Colo. 

at  S. St. Louis, care  b.P.  at 
fl  (CI  qi  HI  |N|  promptly  IfHsf  as  II  ooet  Snf  limit  iml  III  I Of  l IDINS  TO  US  il  Imtr  Office  u ft,  cl  SIhjihiI. 


100  barrels, or  smallest  minimum  carload  of  Louisville  Cement  in  wooil 
■Very  truly  yours, 

'O.B.'c.  rHt'  i HOWARD  LUMBER  CO. 


R REIVED 

ftB  11  teg, 


Chicago  & Western  Indiana  Railroad  Co. 

QAQtn  OEEICI  OP  PRESIDENT  AND  QCN'L  MANAGER. 

Order  Ao.  Q±nJ dearborn  station  Ol  y 

CJ2‘ia«°~  ‘/v4"7«  190  A 

y . ^ MmnMmr  to  tko  CHICAGO  i WESTER*  ihlloi  R HIM  AD  COMPART 

Carcof  ^ 

/V.  OO  o 3^0  00  AUf-*  f°.  ■ ■ f 

X,  y&c 

cn^v.  'C.  r-——  . 


ORDER  No  J.j:i67__ 

Western  cement  Co. , 

— trade  fry 


Great  Northern  Railway  Line. 

GREAT  NORTHERN  RAILWAY  COMPANY 

PA  ASS,2!S)^(?-WTSs2rF^E2S088-  PA  6559  AB  25089 


15881 


To  Fill  Req'n  15872 
15882' 


Sc  /»*«/  Atfinn..  Jurpe  7t’h,  1899. 

247  w.Main  St.,  Louisville,  Ky . 5 

JPS ? 

Herewith  Etna  L<tt  of  Articles  rrquned  hr  cba  Comp* aj  ? 


899  Barrels  of  Louisville  cement. 
Above  cement  to  be  Louisville, 


A. P. E. Pres. #1105 
" " #1121 

h ; #l109 

and  in  clotfi  as  per  your  " " ^1106 

letter  June  2nd.  Confirming  my  telegram  June  6lh.  Ship  at  once 


i Mark  Creat  Northern  Railway  Co. 

Z Care  V.G. Tubby,  Oenl . Sto  rekeeper, 

“ r St. Paul,  Minn, 

i Lont,*n  C.M.  4 st.p.  ■Ry.  from  Chicago 

- ^Icr  reJcIS*"8  nh*'P'  *'  l"™  '0,,  ^ *"*  Hnxt  tu  m r*M°  ^s 
"tmecR  uk  0Mue«.On  «u  ,-nvakM.  * — — 


,8 


//;///•// /,'/////  '>'///  J/rtsqv  r/‘ 

*'*s  A*  fat/ 

/^)/ ////////</  Zstvst/t  Sw/j 

f<GG<f  //ajAtny/rn.  -v„r/j 


914 


_ . me 

tylnJh,  -TK,  ■CC4.  U.  *t<& 

, . \ / V<^C  O ISL  ll v Ay, 

Aa*  &****-/ 

ft  A C<  f'-t  'oftft  £cft  fsc*  (y  / C. 

■\hJlt-tr  ift  GeAp+y  Zfaftfty  AGT  _ _ 

c 7 ~-cf  5 ^ <^c  r & LtO  C fCY-  / C~  Cj  — - 

yfee  fftsLi  /‘fta*/  i < X (ft  *<</  "<■  ^ev*/ 

-V  "2c  1 y <rr  Tt-ti- v Co-^i-A  **  ‘ "*- 

/iz^c/iv^  ^ e~pA 

if  «/  C *&««+*  ~ 

•7^/  A fftftA^r  /ceffa  Arir-^ti'' 

~/c^  cuefa<+A^y£>c^i/ 

ft  Gvoj^a^y  - <=— / 

Vv^y 


ft  _ y/ 

ty*  ii  ft  y*  e 


Onion  R-j  St.r»ge  Co. 
B,  B.  E CARPENTER. 

1 s«*r  « 1 r*** 


■ ■•  "•  NIGHT  BEXaSHSAGt-l:. 

THE  WESTERN  UNION  TELEGRAPH  COMPANY. 

2 l .OOO  OFFICER  ! N AMERICA.  _ CABLE  SERVICE  TO  ALL  THE  WORLD. 


,.  ^ H5ff^ 

RECEIVED  it  lOUISVIUE.U.  .WS.JJi^oP^-  n t.  *• 

C*r  }«  Mtf  h»  Jlrwa.  RECEIVED 


Lowell,  MAS!.,  Jun A 28-1901  3553 


Western  Cement  Co 


947  West  Main  St  . . 

Louisville.  Ky . 

cement  in  paper  route  to  have  Boston 
iver  here. 

Merrunac  Paving  Co. 

j . H Pearson.  M«r 


The  use  of  Louisville  Cement  is  not  restricted  within 
narrow  territorial  limits. 


39 


The  City  of  the  Straits 
uses  Louisville  Cement  for 
street  pavement  foundations. 


MAYBURY  GRAND  AVENUE,  DETROIT,  MICH. 
Foundation  Louisville  Cement  concrete. 


40 


The  best  authorities 
approve  Louisville  Cement. 


THE  OSBORN  ENGINEERING  CO. 

Osborn  Buhoinq  Cleveland  O 


CEMENT  TESTING  DEPARTMENT. 


lob 

Report  N*. 


20 


Reports  of  Tests  of Lo  ulsvil  1 6 . r 1 Cement 

Samples  taken  Jan.  29,  1698 From  Clevelarrt  Builders'  Supply  Ware- 

RdpeWeB*  w Tests  wade  for  our  own  Information. ( hnuaa  . 




ENESS.  ACTIVITY  CONSTANCY  OF  VOLUME 

„e.~0  «.  •>.». 

A.N.N16S 

»ATf  or  SET  1 AEAULTS  Of  PAT  TEATS 

Too 

...  ... 

..TV.  [ -o, 



... 

76.2 

0-28 

0-44  0 .ItL. 

O.K. 

1LJL 

TENSILE  STRENGTH  IN  POUNDS  PER  SQUARE  INCH 


BRANO  OR  MARC 

2 

1 hour 

*6 

-«r/f  7 

days 

<«■  28  days 

.M.N. 

.... 

..... 

Hiiimimi 

Min' 

Minimum 

— 

Louisville 

ne) 

.t 

334 

93 

68 

79 

14  7 

122 

135 

235 

170 

210 

1 

2 

16 

68 

58 

63 

155 

110 

124 

' TW31TJ' 

STRENGTH  IN  POUNDS  PER  SQUARE  INCH  J*'""’  "5”  1 1 e 8 


AP 

3 mon 

,ll0 

*r  6 

raont 

ba 

*n  1 

year 

.... 

.... 

W.T.. 





U«»llllll|M 



- 

Lou i bvI lie 

ne 

it 

354 

294 

281 

288 

350 

347 

34  8 

421 

.523 

372 

1 

2 

16 

246 

214 

227 

255 

232 

241 

263 

232 

249 

CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS 


BRANO  OR  Mara 

..... 

Alrf. 

7ii 

T,’"1 

........ 

....... 



....... 

........ 

^na  1 y 

lis  6 

Jt  ma 

\e . 

We  certify  that  the  above  described  tests  were  ri.refu 1 1 v nir.de 

THE  OSBORN  HfGINEERING  W /y? 


41 


A good  foundation  is  essential 
to  an  even  wearing  surface. 


CORNER  SHADY  AVENUE  AND  POCUSSET  STREET,  PITTSBURG,  PA. 
Asphalt  pavement,  with  Louisville  Cement  concrete  base. 


42 


PITTSBOBCH  TESTIKG  LABORATORY,  limrted, 


T3 

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-0 

§ 

5 

- 

s 

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2 

to 

cn 

cn 

r* 

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ro 

NEAT  ~ 

rrn 

n 

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9 

3 

to 

"0 

TESTS 

1 — I — i 

O 

CO 

o 

* 

to 

ge. 

- 

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s 

cr 

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! 

= 

■ 

-- 

13508 

£ 

-O 

CL 

ft 

CL 

OR 

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Q. 

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cr 

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t 

£ 

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CD 

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h-* 

CD 

CO 

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CD 

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fo 

fO 

o 

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01 

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43 


PITTSBURGH  TESTING  LABORATORY.  Limited, 

UnspectJng  and  IM©t&Uuiirgd<o»&Il  racers 
and  Clhemiata, 


Stability  and  permanence. 


RETAINING  WALES  AT  TERMINUS  OF  CHICAGO  DRAINAGE  CANAL, 

Lockport,  111. 

Built  of  Louisville  Cement  concrete. 


44 


Th*1  Chicago  Testing  Labo  r a to  uy 

Chicago.  Ili- 


1 7."\0  T 


i DNOCU 


P.  C.  Mcakdlb 


T.  L.  Conor  on 


Western  Cement  Company, 

A.  L.  Kanagy,  A^ent, 

718  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Chicago. 

Dear  Sir;  — 


Chicago,  August  15.  1901. 


We  herewith  report  teat  results  on  sample  of  Louisville  cement. 


from: 


C.  I.  i L.  Car  6769  submitted  for  test  Aug.  7.  1901. 


JsESile.StcsQgth  per  eauare  inoh  (24  hrs. 1 
Neat 

175  lbs.  ) 

175  " ) 32%  Water 

.148.  " ) 

Average:  166  " 

One  day  in  air,  si*  davs  in  water 
Neat 

229  lbs.  1 

190  " ) 322  Water 

_1§8_  " ) 

Averse*:  193  " 


Setting: 


Initial),  Gilmore  needle  405  water  * 5 mins. 
Pinal  " " ” " 14" 


Temperature  of  Laboratory,  84°  P. 

Briouettes  were  made  in  lots  of  three  in  each  period. 

Yours  respeot.  fully , 

THB  CHICAGO  TESTING  LABORATORY, 

Direotor. 


45 


Eads  and  Merchants  Bridges  at  St.  Louis,  built  with  Louisville  Cement. 


Piers  built  with  Louisville  Cement. 


Over  20,000  barrels  tested  and 
accepted  by  B,  & O.  S.-W.  R.  R.  in  1900. 


The  Baltimore  & Ohio  Southwestern  Railroad  Co. 

M A I XTK.X  AX  OK  OF  W A V DKPAUTMKXT. 


REPORT  OF  TESTS  ON  CEMENT.  Record  Sheet,  Lot  No.  S.  P.  527. 


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4 


Masonry  walls  laid  in  Louisville  Cement. 


B.  H HARDAWAY, 
GENERAL  CONTRACTOR. 


Columbus,  Ga*  June  10th.  1901. 


IVES  TERN  CEMENT  COMPANY, 

Louisville,  Ky. 

Gentlemen: 


I take  pleasure  in  stating  that  I have  used  in 
sewer  work  and  in  the  construction  of  bridge  piers  and  in  the 
building  of  river  dams,  your  cement  for  the  past  twelve  years. 

I have  found  it  always  satisfactory  and  I really  prefer  its  re- 
sults to  those  secured  by  the  use  of  the  Hudson  River  and  Rosen- 

VH 

dale  cements  which  I have  also  used^considerable  quantity. 

I have  just  finished  a dam  across  the  Chattahoochee, 
tyiver  at  Columbus,  Ga.  where  we  have  used  not  less  than  18,000 
barrels  and  found  it  throughout  thoroughly  trustworthy  and  sat- 
isfactory. 


(Dictated) 


Successfully  used  against  water  pressure  in 
construction  of  dams. 


49 


Louisville  Cement 


ffotes  on  'Reliability  o_f  Louif'dille  Cement 


By  Thoj . T.  J ohnston,  M.  'CO.  S.  £. 


That  which  may  be  called  the  reliability  of  a good  grade  of  the 
cement  made  at  Louisville  is  especially  noteworthy,  and  the  most 
important  of  the  causes  leading  to  that  reliability  are  worthy  of 
mention. 

The  practically  unlimited  expanse  of  the  rocks  from  which  the 
raw  material  is  taken  is  to  be  observed,  the  mills  now  located  thereon 
being  scattered  over  an  area  of  60  or  70  square  miles  without  reach- 
ing anywhere  near  those  boundaries  which  would  place  the  rock 
beyond  easy  reach.  The  thickness  of  the  rock  strata  is  such  that 
no  appreciable  advantage  would  result  if  they  were  thicker.  The 
rock  is  disposed  so  that  it  is  easy  to  quarry.  There  seems  to  be 
no  good  reason  why  suitable  raw  material  can  not  be  obtained  as 
cheaply  as  unsuitable  material,  and  it  is  difficult  to  see  why  the 
manufacturer  should  have  any  incentive  to  use  any  but  proper 
material.  It  is  very  different  with  the  materials  from  which  Portland 
cement  is  made.  They  are  not  to  be  had  in  such  unlimited  and  con- 
centrated quantity,  generally  speaking,  and  when  they  are  to  be  had 
the  constant  attention  of  a chemist  is  needed  to  determine  that  they 
are  suitable. 

The  raw  materials  being  secured,  their  preparation  for  the  Louis- 
ville cement  requires  simply  the  always  honest,  the  always  unerring 
crunching  of  the  rock  crusher  or  the  sturdy  sledging  of  the  equally 
reliable  quarry  hand.  P'or  Portland  cement  there  must  be  drying 
and  weighing  and  analyzing  and  grinding  and  other  operations  in- 
volving the  faultful  intelligence,  the  carelessness,  the  capricious 
avarice  of  imperfect  man. 


50 


Louisville  Cement 


The  raw  materials  for  the  Louisville  cement  being  prepared,  they 
must  next  be  burned,  and  herein  again  the  Louisville  cement  involves 
the  greater  simplicity,  the  kiln  being  so  simple,  the  temperature  so 
low,  the  drafts  so  readily  regulated,  and  the  charging  of  the  kiln 
not  needing  such  special  care.  With  Portland  cement  the  type  of 
kiln  best  suited  for  the  purpose  is  a matter  of  controversy  ; the 
method  of  charging  the  kiln  requires  care  ; high  and  uniform  tem- 
perature for  a prolonged  period  is  required.  With  the  Louisville 
product  the  process  is  one  of  simple  calcining  as  in  the  manufacture 
of  quicklime,  while  with  the  Portland  product  partial  vitrification 
has  to  be  done.  The  result  of  the  operation  with  the  Louisville 
product  is  that  essentially  the  whole  contents  of  the  kiln  is  useful, 
while  with  the  Portland  product  a large  proportion,  sometimes  all, 
is  refuse. 

The  process  of  burning  having  been  completed,  the  next  operation 
is  the  drawing  of  the  kiln  and  the  sorting  out  of  material  not  prop- 
erly burned,  and  herein  is  a wide  difference  in  the  care  required 
either  in  consequence  of  carelessness  and  mistakes  in  sorting  or  of 
bad  results  in  the  kilns.  It  is  in  the  kiln  that  there  is  more  danger 
of  developing  a bad  cement  than  arises  from  other  causes.  With  the 
Louisville  cement  the  sorting  and  removal  of  poorly  burned  material 
is  an  easy  thing  to  do.  The  good  and  bad  materials  appear  segre- 
gated. With  the  Portland  product  it  is  different,  the  good  and  bad 
material  frequently  being  aggregated.  At  one  Portland  cement  mill 
which  I recently  visited,  the  product  of  which  mill  is  ordinarily  held 
to  be  first  class,  I watched  the  man  sorting  the  burnt  material.  The 
operator  determines  the  good  from  the  bad  both  by  appearance  and 
weight,  but  principally  by  weight.  The  mill  was  behind  with  its 
contracts  and  they  were  trying  to  make  cement  in  a hurry,  largely 
at  the  instance  of  the  financial  head  of  the  concern.  The  men  had 
heavy  leather  gloves  on  their  hands.  The  kiln  was  freshly  drawn 
and  the  clinker  hot,  so  hot,  indeed,  that  the  operator  held  the 
clinker  in  his  hand  but  an  instant,  or  a time  too  short  to  judge  fairly 
its  weight.  The  result  was  that  the  product  of  the  mill  was  worth- 


5i 


Louisville  Cement 


less  and  was  rejected  from  several  works.  Such  a contingency 
would  hardly  be  possible  with  the  Louisville  product. 

The  sorted  material  being  loaded  in  cars,  it  is  next  taken  to  the 
grinding  machinery,  where  there  is  little  or  no  danger  of  a bad 
material  resulting,  either  with  the  Louisville  or  Portland  product, 
but  where  much  greater  expense  is  involved  with  the  latter.  The 
only  question  involved  is  the  fineness  of  grinding,  and  this  is  so 
easily  determined  that  no  danger  is  involved. 

In  every  particular  from  the  securing  of  the  raw  material  to  the 
finally  manufactured  product  the  operations  with  Louisville  and 
similar  cements  are  far  more  simple  and  more  free  from  all  the 
elements  that  tend  to  the  production  of  worthless  cement,  and  just 
to  that  extent  the  cement  should  be  more  reliable,  and  should  be 
entitled  to  more  confidence.  There  has  been  much  written  about 
Portland  cement  and  it  has  been  studied  very  carefully,  and  these 
faces  are  a result  more  of  necessity  than  because  the  Portland  cement 
is  the  better  or  more  reliable  product.  Nevertheless,  wide  difference 
of  opinion  exists  as  to  what  constitutes  a good  Portland  cement. 
Only  recently  two  manufacturers  were  busy  in  the  technical  press 
declaring  that  each  other’s  products  were  vicious  and  worthless,  and 
so  on.  Perhaps  both  were  right. 

At  Louisville  is  the  Portland  canal,  not  so  called  because  of  the 
use  of  Portland  cement,  which  contains  the  evidence  of  the  relia- 
bility of  Louisville  cement  for  more  than  half  a century.  It  could 
not  be  better  if  the  best  modern  Portland  cement  had  been  used 
instead  of  the  crudely  made  Louisville  cement  of  fifty  years  ago. 
No  end  of  instances  exist,  extending  through  many  years,  in  which 
the  cement  has  proved  its  reliability  when  properly  made  and  prop- 
erly used. 

It  must  not  be  inferred  that,  because  the  cement  is  made  in  so 
simple  a manner  and  involves  so  little  real  need  for  a bad  product, 
that  therefore  a bad  product  is  not  sometimes  made.  I can  not  say 
that  I personally  know  of  any  instance  of  the  cement  having  proved 
bad,  though  I have  personally  conducted  the  test  of  nearly  300,000 

52 


Louisville  Cement 


barrels,  involving  the  breaking  of  perhaps  75,000  briquettes.  Never- 
theless, I have  rejected  quite  a little  of  the  cement,  not  because  I 
knew  it  was  bad,  but  because  it  did  not  quite  fill  the  requirements 
of  a rather  exacting  specification.  If  opportunity  had  been  afforded 
for  long  time  tests  of  the  rejected  cement  I doubt  if  there  would 
have  been  a single  rejection.  In  a number  of  instances  the  long  time 
tests  were  continued  after  the  rejection,  and  they  invariably  proved 
the  cement  to  be  of  high  standard.  Only  a little  over  a year  ago  I 
rejected  a large  lot  of  the  cement  because  on  seven  day  tests  the 
neat  briquettes  checked  and  cracked.  A lot  of  the  cement  was 
laid  away  for  about  a month,  and  a large  number  of  briquettes  were 
then  made,  the  breaking  to  be  done  through  a period  of  a year. 
It  was  found  that  the  cement  was  the  best  that  I have  had  to  deal 
with,  though  rejected.  The  cement  simply  needed  to  be  seasoned 
in  the  manner  usually  required  of  Portland  cement,  and  perhaps  not 
even  that,  for  if  it  had  been  mixed  with  sand  it  might  have  done 
well  enough  if  used  fresh. 

Quite  to  the  contrary  with  Portland  cement.  During  the  past 
year  I have  found  much  of  it  unquestionably  bad  and  worthless,  in 
fact  in  larger  proportion  than  I found  the  Louisville  product,  simply 
failing  to  meet  the  high  standard  of  its  specification.  A Portland 
cement  that  is  suspicious  is  very  apt  to  be  bad,  from  the  nature  of 
its  manufacture  ; if  made  with  reasonable  care  it  should  be  of  quite 
uniform  product. 

However,  it  is  at  least  conservative  to  conclude  that  the  Louis- 
ville can  be,  and  sometimes  is,  made  bad.  If  the  fact  can  be  deter- 
mined easily,  then  it  is  a factor  favoring  the  reliability  of  the 
product.  In  Louisville  is  concentrated  the  manufacture  of  about 
2,000,000  barrels  of  cement  per  year.  This  has  justified  the  estab- 
lishment there  of  firms  who  make  a business  of  testing  and 
examining  the  products  of  the  mills  in  large  and  small  quantities. 
They  are  well  informed  on  the  subject  of  the  manufacture  of  the 
cement,  are  acquainted  with  the  quarries,  the  methods  of  burning, 
the  practices  of  the  several  mills,  and  in  fact  with  the  expert  details 


53 


Louisville  Cement 


of  the  business.  The  process  of  manufacture  is  so  simple  that  they 
can  easily  keep  themselves  informed  as  to  the  history  of  every 
barrel  from  the  time  it  leaves  the  quarry  until  the  time  when  it  is 
shipped  in  the  proper  inspection  marks. 

Such  complete  inspection  of  Portland  cements  is  not  at  all  prac- 
ticable, and  therefore  the  Portland  products  must  be  less  reliable. 
Furthermore,  there  are  more  elements  of  danger  connected  with 
the  Portlands  and  many  more  chances  of  producing  bad  cement. 
Compared  with  Portland  cement,  the  Louisville  product  is  more 
reliable  because  there  is  less  chance  of  making  a bad  cement,  on 
the  one  hand,  and  on  the  other  hand  because  it  is  much  easier  to 
detect  a bad  product. 

These  remarks  may  appear  to  be  so  axiomatical  that  an  occasion 
for  them  may  hardly  be  justified,  but  it  is  probable  that  of  the 
$15,000,000  expended  in  the  United  States  annually  for  cement 
there  are  several  millions  expended  in  the  unnecessary  use  of  the 
high  grade  cements.  Very  many  instances  can  be  found  in  which 
cement  is  used  which  costs  §2.50  per  barrel,  w here  a barrel  of  the 
Louisville  product  at  60  to  70  cents  would  do  just  as  well.  A two 
to  one  or  three  to  one  Portland  mortar  is  frequently  used  in 
masonry,  and  in  concretes,  especially  in  foundations  away  from  the 
weather,  where  a two  to  one  natural  cement  mortar  would  do  just 
as  well,  in  fact,  better,  because  it  possesses  more  elements  of 
reliability. 

The  Sanitary  District  of  Chicago  has  constructed  many  miles  of 
retaining  walls  in  its  main  channel  during  the  past  two  years  in 
which  Louisville  cement  mortar  was  used  throughout,  and  this  is 
said  without  intending  to  reflect  in  the  slightest  degree  on  other 
similar  cements  used  in  other  walls  and  which  are  doing  quite  as 
well,  and  as  far  as  the  mortar  is  concerned  I dare  say  the  walls  will 
be  standing  intact  long  after  every  building  now  in  Chicago  has 
ceased  to  exist.  At  any  rate,  there  will  be  an  example  worth 
observing,  for  the  walls  are  above  and  below  a water  line.  The 
mortar  was  made  of  about  65  pounds  of  cement  (one  cubic  foot)  to 


54 


Louisville  Cement 


each  cubic  foot  of  sand.  It  might  just  as  well  have  been  made 
with  half  the  quantity  of  cement,  but  the  cement  was  so  cheap  and 
carelessness  of  contractors  in  using  cement  is  so  great  that  it  was 
thought  best  to  use  more  cement. 

It  is  true  that  Portland  cement  can  be  made  good  and  much 
stronger  than  the  Louisville  product.  Strength  of  a cement,  how- 
ever, has  nothing  to  do  with  its  reliability.  The  real  matter  of 
concern  is  as  to  whether  the  strength,  whatever  it  may  be,  will  per- 
sist through  indefinitely  long  time.  Long  experience  has  proved 
that  the  strength  of  the  Louisville  product  can  be  relied  upon  to 
do  so.  There  is,  perhaps,  no  masonry  structure  about  Chicago, 
where  compressive  resistance  alone  is  involved,  in  the  construction 
of  which  Louisville  cement  mortar  would  not  serve  every  purpose 
that  a Portland  cement  mortar  would.  Excepting  in  concretes  it  is 
equally  as  good  as  Portland  for  resisting  the  test  of  winter  weather, 
and  if  in  concretes  the  cement  be  set  in  warm  weather  the  Louis- 
ville is  probably  as  suitable  as  the  Portland,  due  allowance  being 
made  in  dimensioning  to  provide  for  the  difference  in  strength  of  the 
two  cements.  This  is  abundantly  illustrated  in  the  case  of  a con- 
crete dam  budded  by  the  Sanitary  District  of  Chicago  on  the  Des 
Plaines  River,  near  Riverside. — Reprinted  from  the  Journal  of  the 
Western  Society  of  Engineers , Chicago. 


55 


LOCATION 


-or- 

Louisville  Cement  Mills. 


1.  JOHN  HULME  MILL. 

2.  RIVER  DIAMOND  MILL. 

3.  SILVER  CREEK  MILL. 

4.  OHIO  VALLEY  MILL. 

5.  DIAMOND  MILL. 

6.  HOOSIER  MILL. 


7.  BANNER  MILL. 

8.  GLOBE  MILL. 

9.  FALLS  CITY  MILL. 

10.  CLARK  COUNTY  MILL. 

11.  GOLDEN  RULE  MILL. 

12.  UNITED  STATES  MILL. 


13.  SPEED'S  MILL. 

14.  CROWN  MILL. 

15.  EAGLE  MILL. 

16.  QUEEN  CITY  MILL. 

17.  LION  MILL. 

18.  STANDARD  MILL. 


WESTERN  CEMENT  COMPANY. 

(Incorporated) 

General  Sales  Agent, 

24?  WEST  MAIN  S 1421  I T.  L'OUISVILTE,  KY. 

Capacity,  20,000  barrels  a day. 


56 


